Epicurean Theology in Context

The research activity “Epicurean Theology in Context” aims to highlight the historical-philosophical framework in which the theological writings of Philodemus of Gadara are situated, in light of the renewed study of his works conducted within the LACUNA project.

At the core of this research lies the methodological assumption that the foundations of Epicurean theology must be reconstructed primarily on the basis of evidence internal to the school. This approach requires, first and foremost, reliance on secure and critically established texts that update earlier editions of these works dating back a century and that were sometimes not based on direct examination of the original. In this respect, the theological treatises of Philodemus – who is the most extensively represented Epicurean author in the Library of the Villa dei Papiri – constitute an essential primary source for reconstructing the central tenets of Epicurean doctrine concerning the gods. These works address key questions such as: how can human beings free themselves from the metaphysical anxiety generated by the gods and by death in order to attain a tranquil life (On gods, Book 1)? What is the nature and appearance of the Epicurean gods (On the lifestyle of the gods)? And what is the proper relationship between the wise person and religious practice (On Piety)?

However, Philodemus’ importance extends beyond the history of the Kepos. He is a pivotal figure in the broader history of ancient philosophy, particularly as an active and engaged participant in the intellectual controversies of the Hellenistic period. The study of his theological doctrines is therefore crucial not only for a deeper understanding of Epicureanism, but also for illuminating other contemporary theological systems (such as Stoicism) and for reconstructing the rich and complex debates of the time concerning the nature of the divine. These debates emerge at the intersection of epistemological, physical, and religious inquiry, revealing the intricate interplay of philosophical reflection in the Hellenistic world.